China has been the developing world’s largest recipient of IFDI since the mid-1990s, attracting US$95 billion in 2009. A revaluation of the yuan will make it more expensive for foreign firms to establish themselves (or expand) in China (the world’s most dynamic market), giving an advantage to foreign firms already established there over new entrants. At the same time, exports of foreign affiliates, which account for 54 per cent of total exports, will become less competitive internationally, although the increased costs will be partly offset by lower costs of imported inputs. Foreign affiliates can also expect to repatriate higher profits from sales in China in terms of their own currencies.
However, the most notable development of recent years has been the take-off of the country’s OFDI since the government in 2000 adopted the ‘go global’ policy encouraging Chinese firms to invest overseas. China’s OFDI doubled from US$12 billion in 2005 to US$27 billion in 2007, and then doubled again the following year, to reach US$56 billion. Outflows continued to rise to US$57 billion in 2009, even as world FDI flows collapsed by 50 per cent. In 2009, China was the world’s fifth largest outward investor.
The increasing international competitiveness of Chinese firms and an encouraging government policy have been the main drivers of this surge. The 20 per cent revaluation of China’s currency against the US dollar in 2005–2008 undoubtedly provided a favourable condition facilitating this in the case of host countries whose currencies did not also appreciate against the US dollar. There is ample evidence in the academic literature that a weaker exchange rate induces increased IFDI.
Revaluation of the yuan would likely accelerate growth in China’s OFDI. This is precisely what happened with Japan after the yen was revalued by over 50 per cent against the US dollar between 1985 and 1987, following the 2005 Plaza Accord. Japan’s OFDI tripled from US$6.5 billion in 1984 to US$19.5 billion in 1986, peaking at US$48 billion in 1990.
A renewed yuan appreciation would boost China’s OFDI growth even further by lowering the cost of overseas assets for Chinese firms, which have strong cash reserves from both retained earnings and large-scale state credit allocations that put them in a position to invest internationally. Like competitors elsewhere, they need to invest abroad to acquire a portfolio of locational assets to protect and increase their international competitiveness through better access to skills, technology, natural resources and markets.
Revaluation would combine with already rising wage pressures inside China. Labour-intensive firms in China’s coastal provinces are under pressure to seek lower labour cost by either investing in China’s interior or abroad. Already more than 700 Chinese affiliates have been established in Vietnam. Revaluation would push even more in that direction.
Suspicions of non-commercial motivations behind China’s OFDI are widespread because most of the country’s OFDI is by state-owned enterprises (SOEs). However, there is no systematic evidence that China’s SOEs, like their counterparts elsewhere, are driven by more than normal commercial considerations. At the same time, private or semi-private entities have been investing abroad. As their operations are less visible, it is likely that their OFDI, and therefore China’s total OFDI, is understated.
Fears of Chinese OFDI, like Japanese and Korean investment in earlier decades, are misplaced. It is good for China and for host countries: Chinese FDI, like all FDI, can bring to host countries a bundle of tangible and intangible assets needed for economic growth and development. While a good part of China’s OFDI initially takes the form of trade-supporting FDI, it can be expected to lead relatively quickly to a shift of some production out of China, including to the US and Europe, thereby reducing exports from China. Moreover, OFDI is a key mechanism for integrating China into the world economy and making it a responsible stakeholder in it.
Chinese firms will have to learn from the past mistakes of other emerging multinationals about how to operate in the highly sophisticated developed-country markets and in developing countries. They need not only to overcome the ‘liability of foreigness’ that any multinational faces when establishing itself in a foreign market, but they also need to overcome the ‘liability of the home country.’ In particular, they need to establish a good social brand name so that they are seen as making not only a positive economic contribution to their host countries but are also seen as good corporate citizens.
The Chinese government can play a crucial role by adopting a code of conduct for all Chinese enterprises investing abroad, in line with internationally accepted norms and taking into account the increasing importance of sustainable FDI. For their part, host countries need to accept the ‘new kids on the block’ and not discriminate against Chinese investment, nor establish protectionist barriers against it.
Karl P. Sauvant is the founding Executive Director of the Columbia Program on International Investment and a Research and Guest Professor at Nankai University, China. Ken Davies is a Senior Staff Associate at the Vale Center for Sustainable International Investment at Columbia University. This is a chapter from the Vale Center publication ‘FDI Perspectives: Issues in International Investment.’ The full publication can be found here.